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  • Volume 7, Issue 3

Increasing equity of access to point-of-use water treatment products through social marketing and entrepreneurship: a case study in western Kenya

Matthew C. Freeman, Robert E. Quick, Daniel P. Abbott, Paul Ogutu, Richard Rheingans
Published September 2009, 7 (3) 527-534; DOI: 10.2166/wh.2009.063
Matthew C. Freeman
Center for Global Safe Water, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, GCR 767, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA E-mail: mcfreem@sph.emory.edu
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Robert E. Quick
Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Daniel P. Abbott
Center for Global Safe Water, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, GCR 767, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA E-mail: mcfreem@sph.emory.edu
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Paul Ogutu
Great Lakes University of Kenya, PO Box 2224, Kisumu 40100, Kenya
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Richard Rheingans
Center for Global Safe Water, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, GCR 767, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA E-mail: mcfreem@sph.emory.edu
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Abstract

Point-of-use water chlorination reduces diarrhoea risk by 25–85%. Social marketing has expanded access to inexpensive sodium hypochlorite for water treatment, at a cost of less than US$0.01 per day, in Kenya. To increase product access, women's groups in western Kenya were trained to educate neighbours and sell health products to generate income. We evaluated this programme's impact on equity of access to water treatment products in a cross-sectional survey. We surveyed 487 randomly selected households in eight communities served by the women's groups. Overall, 20% (range 5–39%) of households in eight communities purchased and used chlorine, as confirmed by residual chlorine observed in stored water. Multivariate models using illiteracy and the poorest socioeconomic status as a referent showed that persons with at least some primary education (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.8, 3.5) or secondary education (OR 5.4, 95% CI 1.6, 17.5) and persons in the four wealthiest quintiles (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.0, 6.0) were more likely to chlorinate stored water. While this implementation model was associated with good product penetration and use, barriers to access to inexpensive water treatment remained among the very poor and less educated.

  • equity
  • point-of-use water treatment
  • social marketing
  • water quality
  • Received June 4, 2008.
  • Accepted October 11, 2008.
  • © IWA Publishing 2009
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Journal of Water and Health: 16 (1)
  Volume 7, Issue 3

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Increasing equity of access to point-of-use water treatment products through social marketing and entrepreneurship: a case study in western Kenya
Matthew C. Freeman, Robert E. Quick, Daniel P. Abbott, Paul Ogutu, Richard Rheingans
Journal of Water and Health Sep 2009, 7 (3) 527-534; DOI: 10.2166/wh.2009.063
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Increasing equity of access to point-of-use water treatment products through social marketing and entrepreneurship: a case study in western Kenya
Matthew C. Freeman, Robert E. Quick, Daniel P. Abbott, Paul Ogutu, Richard Rheingans
Journal of Water and Health Sep 2009, 7 (3) 527-534; DOI: 10.2166/wh.2009.063

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Keywords

equity
point-of-use water treatment
social marketing
water quality
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