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  • Volume 11, Issue 3

Optimal pH in chlorinated swimming pools – balancing formation of by-products

Kamilla M. S. Hansen, Hans-Jørgen Albrechtsen, Henrik R. Andersen
Published September 2013, 11 (3) 465-472; DOI: 10.2166/wh.2013.156
Kamilla M. S. Hansen
Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 113, Miljøvej, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark E-mail: henrik@ndersen.net
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Hans-Jørgen Albrechtsen
Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 113, Miljøvej, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark E-mail: henrik@ndersen.net
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Henrik R. Andersen
Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 113, Miljøvej, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark E-mail: henrik@ndersen.net
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Abstract

In order to identify the optimal pH range for chlorinated swimming pools, the formation of trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles and trichloramine was investigated in the pH-range 6.5–7.5 in batch experiments. An artificial body fluid analogue was used to simulate bather load as the precursor for by-products. The chlorine-to-precursor ratio used in the batch experiments influenced the amounts of by-products formed, but regardless of the ratio the same trends in the effect of pH were observed. Trihalomethane formation was reduced by decreasing pH, but haloacetonitrile and trichloramine formation increased. To evaluate the significance of the increase and decrease of the investigated organic by-products at the different pH values, the genotoxicity was calculated based on literature values. The calculated genotoxicity was approximately at the same level in the pH range 6.8–7.5 and increased when pH was 6.7 or lower. An optimal pH range for by-products formation in swimming pools was identified at pH 7.0–7.2. In the wider pH range (pH 6.8–7.5), the effect on by-product formation was negligible. Swimming pools should never be maintained at lower pH than 6.8 since formation of both haloacetonitriles and trichloramine increase significantly below this value.

  • disinfection by-products
  • haloacetonitrile
  • pH
  • swimming pool
  • trichloramine
  • trihalomethane
  • Received March 24, 2013.
  • Accepted June 5, 2013.
  • © IWA Publishing 2013
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Journal of Water and Health: 16 (1)
  Volume 11, Issue 3

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Optimal pH in chlorinated swimming pools – balancing formation of by-products
Kamilla M. S. Hansen, Hans-Jørgen Albrechtsen, Henrik R. Andersen
Journal of Water and Health Sep 2013, 11 (3) 465-472; DOI: 10.2166/wh.2013.156
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Optimal pH in chlorinated swimming pools – balancing formation of by-products
Kamilla M. S. Hansen, Hans-Jørgen Albrechtsen, Henrik R. Andersen
Journal of Water and Health Sep 2013, 11 (3) 465-472; DOI: 10.2166/wh.2013.156

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Keywords

disinfection by-products
haloacetonitrile
pH
swimming pool
trichloramine
trihalomethane
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